FRACTURE MANAGEMENT

A fracture is a broken bone. It can range from a thin crack to a complete break. Bone can fracture crosswise, lengthwise, in several places, or into many pieces

Non-operative (closed) therapy comprises of casting and traction (skin and skeletal traction).

• Casting - 
Closed reduction is done for any fracture that is displaced, shortened, or angulated. Splints and casts made up of fiberglass or plaster of Paris material are used to immobilize the limb.
• Traction - Traction method is used for the management of fractures and dislocations that cannot be treated by casting. There are two methods of traction namely, skin traction and skeletal traction.

SURGICAL THERAPY

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF)
 - This is a surgical procedure in which the fracture site is adequately exposed and reduction of fracture is done. Internal fixation is done with devices such as Kirschner wires, plates and screws, and intramedullary nails.

External Fixation
 - External fixation is a procedure in which the fracture stabilization is done at a distance from the site of fracture. It helps to maintain bone length and alignment without casting.

ARTHRITIS MANAGEMENT

Arthritis is an inflammation of the joints. It can affect one joint or multiple joints. There are more than 100 different types of arthritis, with different causes and treatment methods. Two of the most common types are osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

KNEE REPLACEMENT

Knee replacement, also known as knee arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure to replace the weight-bearing surfaces of the knee joint to relieve pain and disability. It is most commonly performed for osteoarthritis, and also for other knee diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis.

Knee replacement, also known as knee arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure to replace the weight-bearing surfaces of the knee joint to relieve pain and disability. It is most commonly performed for osteoarthritis, and also for other knee diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis.

POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD

Patient is made to stroll with assistance of walker by the physiotherapist. Knee scope of movement and fortifying activities are educated amid the medical clinic remain. Hospitalization is for 3-4 days. It will take a month and a half to get back to normal activities and walk without assistance depending on patient capability.

UNICONDYLAR KNEE REPLACEMENT

Also known as a partial knee replacement, a unicondylar knee replacement is an alternative to total knee replacement for patients suffering from osteoarthritis with damage confined to only one compartment of the knee joint. During a unicondylar knee replacement, only the damaged part of the knee cartilage is replaced with a prosthesis, as compared to a total knee replacement that addresses the entire knee joint.

COMMON CAUSES OF HIP PAIN

The most common cause of chronic hip pain and disability is arthritis. Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and traumatic arthritis are the most common forms of this disease.

Osteoarthritis - This is an age-related "wear and tear" type of arthritis. It usually occurs in people 50 years of age and older and often in individuals with a family history of arthritis. The cartilage cushioning the bones of the hip wears away. The bones then rub against each other, causing hip pain and stiffness. Osteoarthritis may also be caused or accelerated by subtle irregularities in how the hip developed in childhood.

Rheumatoid Arthritis - This is an autoimmune disease in which the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickened. This chronic inflammation can damage the cartilage, leading to pain and stiffness. Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common type of a group of disorders termed "inflammatory arthritis."

Post-Traumatic Arthritis - This can follow a serious hip injury or fracture. The cartilage may become damaged and lead to hip pain and stiffness over time.

Osteonecrosis - An injury to the hip, such as a dislocation or fracture, may limit the blood supply to the femoral head. This is called osteonecrosis (also sometimes referred to as "avascular necrosis"). The lack of blood may cause the surface of the bone to collapse, and arthritis will result. Some diseases can also cause osteonecrosis.

Childhood Hip Disease - Some infants and children have hip problems. Even though the problems are successfully treated during childhood, they may still cause arthritis later on in life. This happens because the hip may not grow normally, and the joint surfaces are affected.

Realistic activities following total hip replacement include unlimited walking, swimming, golf, driving, hiking, biking, dancing, and other low-impact sports.

TOTAL ELBOW REPLACEMENT

In total elbow replacement surgery, the damaged parts of the humerus and ulna are replaced with artificial components. The artificial elbow joint is made up of a metal and plastic hinge with two metal stems. The stems fit inside the hollow part of the bone called the canal.

SPORTS INJURIES

Sports injuries are commonly caused by overuse, direct impact, or the application of force that is greater than the body part can structurally withstand. Common injuries include bruises, sprains, strains, joint injuries

TYPES OF SPORTS INJURIES

The most common types of sports injuries include:

• Sprains. - Overstretching or tearing the ligaments results in a sprain. ...
• Strains. - Overstretching or tearing muscles or tendons results in a sprain. ...
• Knee injuries. ...
• Swollen muscles. ...
• Achilles tendon rupture. ...
• Fractures. ...
• Dislocations. ...
• Rotator cuff injury.

ARTHROSCOPIC SURGERIES

Arthroscopy (also called arthroscopic or keyhole surgery) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure on a joint in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage is performed using an arthroscope, an endoscope that is inserted into the joint through a small incision.

KNEE ARTHROSCOPY

Arthroscopic surgery can diagnose and treat knee injuries, including:

• Torn anterior or posterior cruciate ligaments
• Torn meniscus (the cartilage between the bones in the knee)
• Patella that’s out of position
• Pieces of torn cartilage that are loose in the joint
• Removal of a baker’s cyst
• Fractures in the knee bones
• Swollen synovium (the lining in the joint)

SHOULDER ARTHROSCOPY

Arthroscopy may be recommended for these shoulder problems: A torn or damaged cartilage ring (labrum) or ligaments. Shoulder instability, in which the shoulder joint is loose and slides around too much or becomes dislocated (slips out of the ball and socket joint) A torn or damaged biceps tendon OR REPAIR OF ROTATOR CUFF TENDONS

SPINE RELATED PROBLEMS

Cervical spondylosis is a degeneration – or breakdown – of the spine and disks in your neck. It is a general term for the situation that occurs in your neck area. It is an arthritis of the joints (the spaces) between the vertebrae in the neck. Spondylitis is inflammation of one or more vertebrae.

SLIPPED DISC

This condition occurs when the soft centre of a spinal disc pushes through a crack in the tougher exterior casing.

Some herniated discs cause no symptoms. Others can irritate nearby nerves and result in pain, numbness or weakness in an arm or leg.

Back pain can have causes that aren't due to underlying disease. Examples include overuse such as working out or lifting too much, prolonged sitting and lying down, sleeping in an uncomfortable position or wearing a poorly fitting backpack.

PAEDIATRIC ORTHOPAEDICS

Cervical spondylosis is a degeneration – or breakdown – of the spine and disks in your neck. It is a general term for the situation that occurs in your neck area. It is an arthritis of the joints (the spaces) between the vertebrae in the neck. Spondylitis is inflammation of one or more vertebrae.

Paediatric fractures (Green Stick & Physeal Injuries)

Rickets

Congenital Deformities

Genu Varum (Bow Legs)

Genu Valgum (Knock Knees)